Which combination best describes signs of late shock?

• A. Hypotension, altered LOC, cyanosis
• B. Tachycardia, pallor
• C. Anxiety
• D. Hyperthermia

Answer: (A)

In late shock, perfusion to vital organs has markedly failed, so the most noticeable signs are low blood pressure, altered mental status, and cyanosis. Hypotension develops because cardiac output can no longer meet the body’s demands and vascular tone can no longer compensate. Altered LOC happens as the brain becomes hypoperfused, leading to confusion, drowsiness, or unconsciousness. Cyanosis appears when oxygen delivery is severely inadequate, resulting in increased deoxygenated hemoglobin and a bluish tint to the skin and mucous membranes. Earlier compensatory signs, such as tachycardia and pallor, reflect the body’s attempt to maintain perfusion, while anxiety is more common in the earlier phase, and hyperthermia is not typical of late shock.